A study, published in the August 2009 issue of the Journal of Mammalogy, bucks long-standing assumptions about white-tailed deer mating patterns. Studies characterizing male reproductive success as highly skewed with a small number of mature dominant males monopolizing breeding are criticized for depending too heavily on behavioral observations and circumstantial evidence. In the current study, physically immature males, 1.5 to 2.5 years of age, were found to have fathered 30 to 33 percent of offspring in the populations examined, even where larger, mature males were present.