A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z

 

1XO—see first time out.

3B2—template-based typesetting software used for pagination of content.

-A-

AA (Author Alteration)—type of chargeable alteration to article content that is charged to the corresponding author—also known as an author correction.

abstract—a synopsis of the argument in an article; usually found in reduced type at the beginning of the article after title, author, and affiliation; the abstract may contain key words; the abstract also facilitates archiving.

abstract book—typeset book containing all abstracts submitted/accepted for the annual meeting; may be printed, provided on CD, or made available online.

Account Manager—Allen Press employee who manages a journal’s account, keeps in touch with the journal’s editor(s), follows the job through the printing process, and serves as a mediator between Allen Press and the customer.

acid free—term describing paper that is manufactured in an alkaline environment and will not deteriorate over time or become yellow and brittle.

acknowledgment—section usually found at the end of the article but before the references in which the author formally recognizes other people or institutions that have contributed to the study.

advances—finished journals mailed ahead of the bulk shipment, usually to the editorial office.

aggregator—service that gathers information published by different sources and organizes it together under a common search interface; the aggregator may also license access to a collection of journals from many different publishers.

AllenAir—an exclusive international air/surface distribution service for individual publications and bulk packages outside the United States comparable to but less expensive than USPS International Surface Airlift (ISAL); approximate delivery dates times are: 5–7 business days to Canada, 9–15 business days to Europe, and 16–23 business days worldwide.

Allen Priority Airmail—an international mailing option comparable to but less expensive than International Priority Airmail; approximate delivery times are: 2–3 business days to Canada, 5–7 business days to Europe, and 7–14 business days worldwide.

AllenTrack—a type of online manuscript submission and peer review system.

AMA (American Medical Association)—the acronym refers to the organization as well as their style guide, AMA Manual of Style.

annotated PDF—a PDF is a document that can be passed back and forth among users for documentation and review; PDFs preserve the visual appearance of a document, including layout, fonts, and graphics; annotations can be placed directly on the electronic file using Adobe Acrobat comment and markup tools; also known as annotated proof.

anti-offset powder—substance sprayed across press sheets during delivery on a press to prevent sheets from sticking to each other.

APA (American Psychological Association)—the acronym refers to the organization as well as their style guide, Publication Manual of the American American Psychological Association.

appendix—supplemental information about the text in the form of text, tables, collected data, and so on; it usually is included at the end of the article, directly before or after the references.

aqueous coating—a fast-drying, water-based, protective coating that is applied inline on the press to protect the sheet against scuffing and marking.

article number—number assigned by Allen Press to a specific manuscript or article in order to distinguish it from other articles in the same issue; numbers are assigned according to the order in which they are received in the check-in department and not according to the order in which they will appear in print; also known as manuscript number.

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)—a standard means of representing text as numerical data; a standard character-to-number encoding scheme in wide use in the computer industry.

Association Management Administrator—Allen Press employee who provides customer service to society members and to subscribers of the society journal, assists with TIMSS database administration, and generates monthly reports.

Association Manager—Allen Press employee who manages a society’s business office, maintains regular communication with the society officers, and assists the society with other decisions involving business office matters.

author reprint—Reprint of a published article available for purchase by the corresponding and/or contributing authors of the article.

-B-

back matter—material at the back of the journal after the articles; may consist of ads, announcements, indices, etc.

basis weight—the weight in pounds of 500 sheets (a ream) of any grade of paper at its basic size in inches.

belly band—a narrow strip of paper containing advertising or other text wrapped around the outside cover of a book or journal.

bind-in insert—an insert bound into the publication inline with the text and covers; types of bind-in inserts include perfect bind-in insert and saddle bind-in insert.

BioOne—an aggregation of journals all related to some type of biological science; BioOne has two main collections, BioOne.1 and BioOne.2, which are both hosted on the same website.

bit—short for binary digit (1 or 0); the basic unit of digital infomation used in computing.

bitmap—a grid of bits that represents a rasterized graphic image, each pixel being represented as a group of bits.

black—one of the four process colors (CMYK); black is represented as K; adds richness and depth, and increases the contrast of dark tones.

blanket—a rubber-surfaced fabric that is wrapped around a cylinder, to which the image is transferred from the plate, and from which it is transferred to the paper.

bleed—extension of a printing design over the edge of a page.

blueline—proof used for final review before sending a job to press; methods include printed hard copy, soft proof PDF, and viewing in a web application.

boldface—type that is heavier and darker than the rest of the text type in which it appears.

brightness—the percentage of light reflected from a paper surface, determining the ability of the paper to provide sharp color and strong black contrast; a paper with a brightness of 92% is 92 Bright.

broadside—table or figure rotated 90 degrees to “landscape” orientation and set so that the type runs vertically rather than horizontally across the page.

-C-

calendering—a paper-finishing process that involves running a coated paper through a series of alternating rollers to increase smoothness and gloss.

callout—reference in the text to a figure or table; it may or may not appear in parentheses (e.g., Fig. 1, Table 2); figures and tables should be placed as close as possible to their first callout in the text.

CAPS (Centralized Account Processing System)—an electronic postage payment system that provides business mailers a centralized, convenient, and cost-effective way to fund permit imprints, business reply mail, merchandise return service, postage due accounts, express mail corporate accounts, and address element correction; provides an electronic alternative to presenting checks and cash for postage and fees at multiple post offices.

caption—title and/or description of a table or figure.

case binding—the most common type of binding for hardcover books where pages, arranged in signatures, are sewn or glued together and hard covers (cloth, vinyl, or leather cases) are attached.

CASS (Coding Accuracy Support System)—verification of address, city, state, and zip information within the USPS acceptable address range required for automation mailing.

centerfold—an image that spreads across both pages in the center of a saddle-stitched book.

center margin—the distance from the inside fold of a signature to the inside of the type page area.

Chain-of-Custody (CoC)—documentation of the path taken by raw materials harvested from an FSC-certified source through processing, manufacturing, distribution, and printing until it is a final product ready for sale to the end customer.

character—single letter, number, or punctuation mark.

Chicago Manual of Style—style guide created and published by the University of Chicago Press; also referred to as Chicago or CMS.

citation—an abbreviated alphanumeric expression (e.g., Smith et al. 2009) embedded in the body of an article that denotes an entry in the References or Literature Cited section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.

clean proofs—pages printed after corrections have been made at revisions stages, as opposed to “dirty” or “editor’s marked” proofs that have marks for corrections.

CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and blacK)—cyan, magenta, and yellow (CMY) are the primary colors used for offset printing; black (K) is added for richness, depth, and increased contrast in dark tones; also referred to as process color, four-color process, or 4-C.

CMYK workflow—one of two processes for print and online file conversion; if an image is submitted with a CMYK profile, it retains this profile for print and is converted to RGB for online; if an image is submitted with an RGB profile, the profile is converted to CMYK for print, then converted from CMYK to RGB for online; see RGB workflow.

code—typesetting software command consisting of characters that, when typed, tells the computer how the type is to be set or handled; also known as tags or processing commands.

collating—the gathering of sheets and signatures for binding.

collection—a large website with a large number of journals from a variety of different societies. 

color gamut—total range of colors available in a color model; the RGB color gamut is much larger than the CMYK color gamut.

color management—process of calibration to ensure color accuracy and repeatability throughout the design, production, and printing process.

color model—dimensional coordinate system used to numerically describe colors, including RGB (Red, Green, Blue), CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, blacK), and Lab (Lightness, a, b).

color proof—a press-ready proof to SWOP standards for review and approval of a figure as it will appear in print; see SWOP.

color registration—aligning the four separate color separations in negative form for stripping or in plate form for printing.

color separation—process of separating original color images into the four process colors.

column head—heading that identifies material set in a column below it in a table.

combo fig—line art that contains shades of gray; could be a solid block of gray or varying shades of gray like a photograph.

commercial reprint—Reprint of a published article ordered by a commercial entity for promotional use of a product or service mentioned in the article.

composition—process of assembling characters, words, lines, and paragraphs, or of formatting typeset text into blocks or pages for reproduction for printing; generally, "composition" refers to typesetting.

copy—all typeset words and/or text incorporated into the publication (as in art and copy).

copyediting—preparing copy to be typeset by correcting spelling, grammar, and stylistic errors.

copyright—“the exclusive legal right to reproduce, publish, sell, or distribute the matter and form of something (as a literary, musical, or artistic work)” (Webster’s 11th edition).

creep—when the inner edges of a saddle-stitched and trimmed booklet or signature are progressively narrower than the outer pages.

crop marks—marks indicating the areas to be removed from an image or page.

cropping—pulling in the margins on a figure to remove as much white space as possible.

CrossRef—official Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Registration Agency launched in early 2000 as a cooperative effort among publishers to enable cross-publisher citation linking in online academic journals; it now interlinks millions of items from a variety of content types, including journals, books, working papers, technical reports, and data sets.

CSE (Council of Science Editors)—the acronym refers to the organization as well as their style guide, Scientific Style and Format;the style is sometimes referred to as CBE per the organization’s former name, the Council of Biology Editors.

curving—tweaking the tones of a halftone figure; curving can make a halftone lighter or darker or can affect only selected tones in order to emphasize some aspect of the figure.

cyan—one of the four process colors (CMYK); cyan is represented as C; reflects green and blue light, and absorbs red light.

-D-

dampening system—one of the five primary systems of an offset lithographic press; the dampening system carries a metered film of water to the plate surface.

delivery system—one of the five primary systems of an offset lithographic press; this system guides sheets into a stacked pile on a sheetfed press and converts rolls of printed paper into finished products by folding and cutting on a web press.

densitometer—a photoelectric instrument used to measure and control the density of color inks on paper.

density—the degree of darkness (light absorption or opacity) of an image.

Design & Layout—composition department used for journals requiring graphic design and for creating most journal covers and ads.

desktop publishing—the process of designing and composing pages using a combination of standard computer, off-the-shelf software, device-independent page description language such as PostScript, and then outputting pages on a printer or platesetter.

digital art—art created and submitted as a digital file rather than as a traditional photograph or drawing.

digital press—press used for digital printing.

digital printing—process involving transfer of text and images to paper using charged toner rather than traditional film and plates.

display equation—mathematical or chemical formula set off from the body of the text by space above and below it.

DOI (Digital Object Identifier)—a unique string created to identify a piece of intellectual property in an online environment; made up of two components, a prefix and a suffix, separated by a forward slash.

DOI prefix—unique six-digit prefix preceding the forward slash in a DOI, conforming to the syntax of 10.xxxx; assigned to an organization by CrossRef upon joining as a member.

DOI suffix—numbers and/or letters following the forward slash in a DOI that are assigned by a CrossRef member to specific content, using an assignment scheme; the syntax is flexible and varies between organizations.

dot gain—the tendency for the dots of halftones and four-color images to print larger than they are on plate because of ink absorption, causing darker colors than intended, loss of detail, and lower contrast.

dot percentage—the size of the halftone dot as it moves from highlight (5%) to shadow (95%)

dot shape—square, diamond-shaped, or elliptical; the shape of the dot has to do with the kind of screen being used; Allen Press uses a screen that produces elliptical dots.

dpi (dots per inch)—a measure of the resolution of a screen image or printed page.

DPV (Delivery Point Validation)—identifies whether a Zip+4 coded address is currently represented as a known address record and is required for automation discounts.

drop folio—page number that is at the bottom of the page and centered; usually used on the title page of an article.

DTD (Document Type Definition)—a collection of rules defining the proper content and nesting structure of a particular flavor of XML.

duotone—a two-color halftone reproduction.

dustjacket—the detachable outer cover of a book with folded flaps that hold it to the front and back book covers; usually printed and often illustrated; also known as dust cover or dust wrapper.

-E-

EA (Editor Alteration)—type of chargeable alteration to article content that is charged to the editor.

ECF (elemental chlorine free)—bleaching process that uses chlorine-derivative compounds but not chlorine gas.

em—unit of measure, which is the square of a face’s point size; traditionally, the width of a face’s widest letter, the capital M.

em dash—a horizontal line the width of a capital M, usually indicating a resting point in a sentence or the separation of two thoughts.

em space—a non-breaking space of the point size of the typeface being set.

en—unit of measurement equal to half of one em or the space a capital letter N occupies.

en dash—a horizontal line the width of an N that can replace the word “to” or “at” in ranges or locations.

en space—a non-breaking space half the width of an em space; equals the width of any single number.

entities—computer codes that create special characters for use in online publishing.

EOR (Early Online Release)—another name for preprint.

EPS (Encapsulated PostScript)—a file format used to transfer graphic images within compatible applications; a file containing structure PostScript code, comments, and a screen display image.

errata—printed correction or clarification made to a previously published article; erratum is technically the singular form of errata, however in the common vernacular, errata is used in both singular and plural forms. 

-F-

facing pages—a left-hand and right-hand page that “face” each other as a book or journal is opened for reading.

figure—a graphic image, line art, or photograph submitted and processed to be placed on a page; also called art.

figure callout—a reference in text to the presence of a figure (e.g., Fig. A, Figures 3-4); the figure typically appears as close to the callout as possible given paging constraints.

figure caption—text accompanying a figure that provides additional information; also known as a figure legend.

film lamination—the application of a clear material, usually Mylar or a polypropylene product, to one or both sides of a printed piece, typically a cover.

finish—term for the surface characteristics of paper stock as a result of the finishing process during manufacturing; finishes vary in texture, treatment, printability, smoothness, and ink receptivity; examples: matte, dull, gloss.

finishing—operations performed after the job has left the press, such as cutting, folding, collating, binding, and packaging.

first revision—initial corrections done upon the editor's return of marked proofs.

first time out (1XO)—the first set of page proofs sent from Allen Press to the editor and author for review.

fixed spacing—a pre-established amount of spacing, as an "em" or "en" space (as opposed to a variable word space).

flush left—set against the left margin.

flush right—set against the right margin.

fold mark—a small cross mark on the press sheet indicating where the sheet is to be folded as a signature.

folder—offline bindery equipment for the folding of signatures from a sheetfed press.

foldout—a page wider than other pages in an issue that is bound between signatures and that has folded sections that can be unfurled to show the entire image, e.g., a map or cladogram.

font—a complete set of characters in one style, face, and size of type.

footnote designator—a symbol or letter, often set in superscript, that appears in the text or table and directs attention to a corresponding footnote.

fountain solution—a solution of water, a natural or synthetic gum, and other chemicals, used in offset lithography to dampen the plate and keep non-printing areas from accepting ink; see lithography.

four-letter codes—alpha codes assigned to journals and societies used for production tracking, database retrieval, content management, content delivery, and billing; letters are based on prominent words in the journal and society name; similar to an acronym.

FPO (For Position Only)—In digital imaging, typically a low-resolution image positioned in a document to be replaced later with a higher resolution version of the same image.

front matter—unnumbered pages at the beginning of the journal containing ads, announcements, tables of contents, etc.

FSC (Forest Stewardship Council)—an international non-profit organization whose mission is to encourage the responsible management of the world’s forests.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)—the Internet service used to transfer a data file from the disk of one computer to the disk of another regardless of the operating system.

full text—the entire text of an article online, including abstracts, figures, and tables. 

-G-

galley proof—laser proof of coded manuscript.

gatefold—panels folded to form the outside edges of a book to accommodate additional copy; folding a flat sheet into three panels creates a single gatefold; folding a flat sheet into four panels creates a double gatefold.

gathering—finishing operation that involves assembling signatures by placing one next to the other.

gathering marks—mark along backbone of signature used to determine gathering sequence.

global correction—a series of identical corrections made several times throughout an article; the customer is only charged for one correction.

grain direction—the orientation in which most fibers lie in a sheet of paper; “grain long” is with the grain, following the long side of the sheet; “grain short” is cross-grain, following the short side of the sheet. 

gray scale—in photography and computing, a digital image in which the value of each pixel is a single sample; also known as black-and-white; gray scale images are composed exclusively of shades of gray, varying from black at the weakest intensity to white at the strongest.

gutter—the distance between the two center margins (center margin measurement multiplied by two).

-H-

hair space—a space approximately half the size of a thin space.

halftone fig—a figure that contains varying shades of gray (photo, drawing, etc.).

hanging indent—type set so that the first line of a paragraph is flush left and all subsequent lines in the paragraph are indented.

hard copy—copy that is printed on paper as opposed to electronic copy that is stored on a disk or in a computer.

hard hyphen—a hyphen in a word or connected group of words that exists regardless of where the line breaks.

head—the title of a section of an article.

headband—small, ornamental band, generally of mercerized cotton or silk, which in most modern publishers’ trade bindings is glued on the head as well as the tail of the textblock spine of a book; modern headbands imitate the sewn-on headbands that functioned to protect the head and tail of early bindings. hickeys—spots or imperfections on the press sheet because of dirt, particles of paper, etc. in the press.

highlight—the lightest or whitest areas of a photograph or digital image represented in a halftone reproduction by the smallest percentage of dots; see middletones, shadow.

hinge—a score on the front and cover of a book that is glued to the front and back sheet to reduce stress on the spine and add a cleaner finish to the look of the inside front and back cover spreads.

holdover—paged articles that have been “held over” for placement in a future issue.

house paper—the stock of papers used in the Allen Press printing plant on a daily basis and readily accessible in large quantities at affordable prices from merchants or mills with which we have long-term working relationships.

HTML—(Hypertext Markup Language)—the predominant coding language used to create web pages and documents for use on the Internet; a subset of SGML.

-I-

image area—the area on the plate that has been treated to receive ink.

image transfer system—one of the five primary systems of an offset lithographic press, the image transfer system consists of a plate cylinder, a blanket cylinder, and an impression cylinder.

IMB (Intelligent Mail barcode)—a 65-bar code for use on mail in the United States providing information and benefits to mailers and postal officials; required starting in fall of 2009 for companies looking to earn the maximum USPS automation discounts; replaces the POSTNET and PLANET barcodes.

imposition—positioning pages on a signature so that after printing, folding, and cutting, all pages will appear in the proper sequence (like a dummy).

impression—the pressure of plate or blanket as it comes in contact with the paper.

InDesign—desktop publishing layout program from Adobe used for design and layout of content; see Design & Layout.

infeed system—one of the five primary systems of an offset lithographic press; the infeed system feeds paper in an accurate and repeatable position into the press.

inferior—see subscript.

ink holdout—the ability of paper to hold ink on the surface and resist absorption or penetration.

inking system—one of the five primary systems of an offset lithographic press; the inking system is composed of a set of rollers that meter out an accurate amount of ink to the plate.

inserting—adding an additional mail piece to the host mailing by placing it into the host piece.

ISBN (International Standard Book Number)—the unique 10-digit number that provides identification for each book title published; the format is 0-00000-000-0.

ISSN (International Standard Serial Number)—the unique number assigned to each serial publication for as long as the title of that publication does not change; its format is 0000-0000.

issue alert—an e-mail notification that a new issue has been posted online.

issue makeup sheet—a listing of all the contents of an issue, page ranges, and chargeable editor and author changes.

italic—a cursive typeface based on a stylized form of calligraphic handwriting, usually slight slanting to the right, used for emphasis and display.

-J-

jobwork—any printed piece that is not part of the journal proper, e.g., business reply cards, inserts, brochures.

jog—to align sheets of paper into a compact pile; a bindery term.

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)—standard file type for color and gray scale image compression.

justify, justification—the spacing of a line so that it extends to a specified measure; the text will be aligned on the right and the left, but the spaces between words will not be the same size.

-K-

kerning—the spacing between letters or the adjustment of spacing between letters; also called letter spacing; the process of improving appearance and legibility by adjusting the white space between certain paired characters, such as Ty, To, or Ye, which are known as kerning pairs; sometimes incorrectly referred to as minus setting.

key—a listing of characteristic descriptions of flora or fauna that facilitates identification.

key words—words that exemplify important information in an article and on which indexes are based.

-L-

LACS (Locatable Address Change Service)—updates to addresses that have been changed by USPS such as city annexes, residential development, or rural route changes.

leader dots/dashes—row of evenly spaced dots or dashes designed to carry the reader’s eye across the page; typically appear in table of contents and taxonomy sections.

leading—amount of vertical space between lines of type; the distance from the baseline of one line of type to the baseline of another line of type immediately above or below it; also known as line spacing and usually measured in points.

leading zero—the zero before the decimal point for a number less than one (e.g., P > 0.5).

leaf—single sheet of paper or half of a folded sheet of paper.

legacy—refers to older content loaded onto a site that already has existing and current content published; legacy content is either abstract-and-PDF or PDF-only; there is rarely any full text legacy content. 

letter spacing—see kerning.

ligature—two or more letters that are fused and typed as a single character whenever they appear side by side; the letter pair’s ff, fi, and fl are often typed as ligatures.

lightface—the ordinary intensity of type in roman or italic.

line fig—artwork that is black or white; no shades of gray.

line gauge—a ruler measured in inches, agate, picas, and points used primarily to measure line length, margins, and trim size (also known as a pica pole).

line length—the horizontal measurement to which type will be set (in picas).

line numbers—the consecutive numbers found along the left edge of a galley to identify the location of material.

link resolver—script that generates a link next to a citation that allows a user to search for that article in repositories or aggregators; see CrossRef.

list certification—address standardization of mailing list in order to be able to claim automation discounts and verify addresses.

lithography—printing process based on the principle that oil and water do not mix; the image area and the non-image area exist on the same aluminum separated by chemical repulsion; the oil-based ink adheres to the image areas and repels water, and the water-based fountain solution adheres to the non-image areas and repels ink; see fountain solution, offset printing.

loose proof—a proof that is not assembled with other elements from a page; also called a scatter proof.

lowercase—the non-capitalized letters of any font or typeface.

-M-

macro—a set of instructions that tells a program (such as Word or Excel) to perform a task; the instructions are combined into a single script that can be invoked by a menu command, a toolbar command, or a keystroke.

magenta—one of the four process colors (CMYK); magenta is represented as M; reflects red and blue light, and absorbs green light.

mailing endorsement—an optional statement located under the return address that gives the USPS instructions on how to handle a non-deliverable mail piece, for example “Address Service Requested”.

mailing special—bindery specials mailed to designated customers, usually connected to the editorial office.

mailsheet/label carrier—a single, unfolded sheet of paper onto which the address label is placed.

manuscript—the typed versions of articles received from authors that are paged and edited for print, online, or other deliverable.

manuscript number—see article number.

margin—the white or blank area surrounding the type on a printed page.

marked proofs—set of page proofs with corrections either marked on them (for hard copy proofs) or as annotations (for PDF proofs).

masthead—copy of the cover title and/or logo usually found at the top of the first article.

ME (Managing Editor)—Allen Press employee who is the main contact for the author, editor, and in-house staff; receives manuscripts, keeps track of them throughout the production process, and reviews proofs at every stage of revision; ME is responsible for consistent style and format of the journal and making updates to the style sheet, among other tasks involved with customer interfacing.

metadata—literally “data about data,” metadata is information about an informational resource, be that a document (such as a web page), image, data set, or other resource; metadata is valuable in the storage and retrieval of information; resources supported by good-quality, structured metadata are more easily discoverable.

middletones—the tonal range between highlights and shadows of a photograph or digital image in a halftone reproduction; see highlight, shadow.

misregister—see register.

MLA (Modern Language Association)—the acronym refers to the organization as well as its style guide, MLA Formatting and Style Guide; the style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities.

moiré—the undesirable screen caused by incorrect screen angles for printed colors of overprinting halftones.

monochrome—a one-color halftone reproduction.

mounting—to combine multiple images into one image.

-N-

naked decimal—decimal fraction in which the decimal point is not preceded by a numeral; also know as “no leading zero.”

NCOA (National Change of Address)—compares a mailing list with the National Change of Address database maintained by the USPS and will automatically update the address if the recipient has filed a change of address card with the USPS.

NLM (The National Library of Medicine)— the world's largest biomedical library, which collects, catalogs, and preserves published biomedical research and creates databases and databanks for public use, including PubMed Central.

NLM DTD—DTD originally designed for content posted on PubMed Central and is now the de facto standard full-text DTD for scholarly publishing; popular with aggregators.

-O-

offset press—sheet or web press used for offset printing.

offset printing—process involving lithography and the transfer of text and images from an inked plate cylinder to a blanket cylinder to paper passing between the blanket cylinder and the impression cylinder; also known as offset lithography; see lithography, fountain solution.

opacity—the percentage of light passing through a sheet of paper as seen by the amount of show-through from the reverse sheet or sheet below. 

open access—an article, issue, or journal that has been made freely accessible to the public, including Full Text and PDF; often these works are published under the Creative Commons license, but it is important to note that many still have stringent copyright restrictions.

operator—mathematical symbol that indicates an operation to be performed; both conjunctions (+, –, ×, etc.) and verbs (=, <, ≥, etc.) are considered operators.

ordinal—number used to describe a position in a group (e.g., first, second, 3rd, 4th).

orphan—the first line of a paragraph appearing as the last line in a column.

-P-

page proof—paged galley proofs that are distributed to proofreaders to be checked at the appropriate level of edit.

pagination—see typesetting.

paper grades—classification and quality of different types of paper based on the type of pulp, method of manufacturing, characteristics, and end use; typically expressed as a No. 1–5.

PAVE (Presort Accuracy Validation and Evaluation)—software that presorts a mail list and determines discounts available from USPS for first class, periodical, standard, and package services.

PCF (process chlorine free)—no chlorine or chlorine compounds were used in the papermaking process.

PCW (postconsumer waste)—paper that has completed its original consumer end use and has been collected and recycled into new paper.

PDF (Portable Document Format)—file format created by Adobe Systems for document exchange; represents two-dimensional documents in a manner independent of the application software, hardware, and operating system; file extension is .pdf.

PDF Markup—a PDF of an article with queries and corrections added electronically by a proofreader, as opposed to a hand-marked hard copy proof.

peer review—the scholarly process whereby submitted manuscripts intended to be published in an academic or scientific journal are reviewed by independent researchers (referees) to evaluate the contribution‘s value, accuracy, and appropriateness.

PeerTrack—a type of online manuscript submission and peer review system currently available in two versions for Allen Press customers; PeerTrack Essentials is the basic version and PeerTrack is the customizable version.

perfect binding—a type of binding in which one or more signatures and/or single leaf are assembled into a book block by stacking one component upon another; the backbone or spine is notched, hot-melt glue is applied, the cover is wrapped around, and the head, foot, and face are trimmed with a 3-knife cutter.

perfecting—printing on both sides of the paper with one pass through the press.

Periodical—a class of mail consisting of magazines, newspapers, or other publications formed of printed sheets that are issued at least four times a year at regular, specified intervals (frequency) from a known office of publication; usually must have a legitimate list of subscribers and requesters.

periodical publication—printed matter that is issued on a regular, stated basis, e.g., a journal. 

permit indicia—a printed designation on a mail piece in lieu of actual postage to pay for the postage under a specific permit number; typically in a box in the upper right-hand corner of the mail piece; the common indicia must include the class of mail, the permit number being used, the city and state the permit was issued in, and the phrase "U.S. POSTAGE PAID.”

photoprint—print reproduction made of the customer’s original artwork and output by the art department.

pica—unit of measurement used in typesetting; 12 points = 1 pica; 6 picas = 1 inch; 72 points = approx. 1 inch.

pica pole—term used for the metal ruler used to measure points, picas, and/or inches.

PIP—another name for preprint; depending on the user, the acronym may stand for Pre Issue Publication, Publication in Print, Paper in Progress, or Paper in Press.

pixel—short for picture element; the smallest resolvable point of a raster image; the basic unit of digital imaging.

plate—the image carrier for the lithographic process that has ink-receptive image areas and water-receptive non-image areas; a flexible sheet of aluminum wrapped around a cylinder on the press to accept ink and transfer it to paper; see offset printing; in figure editing terms, a kind of figure (usually a halftone).

PMC (PubMed Central)—a free digital database of full-text scientific literature in biomedical and life sciences.

PMID (PubMed Identifier or PubMed Unique Identifier)—a unique number assigned to each PubMed citation of life sciences and biomedical scientific journal articles.

PMS (Pantone Matching System)—color charts with 700+ preprinted color patches of blended inks used to print special colors; premixed inks or toners; also known as spot colors; often simulated with CMYK 4-color build.

point—unit of measurement used in typesetting; 12 points = 1 pica; 6 picas = 1 inch; 72 points = approx. 1 inch.

Postscript—a page description language developed by Adobe to describe a page image for printing, handling both text and graphics; a Postscript file is a purely code-based description of a page; the file extension is .ps.

ppi—pages per inch; a unit of measure for paper weight; not pixels per inch.

preflight—a term used in the printing industry to describe the process of confirming that the digital files required for the printing process are all present, valid, correctly formatted, and of the desired resolution and  type.

prepress—the series of operations involved in the preparation and assembly of all text and image elements for printing on an offset or digital press, including RIPing, trapping, color separation, imposition, and platemaking; see RIP.

preprint—online version of an article posted prior to print or final online publication.

presort—to sort (by Zip Code sequence) addressed mail pieces according to USPS regulations, enabling the USPS to efficiently process the mail; postage discounts are obtained by sorting to the finest level possible; see list certification.

press sheet—the sheet of paper that comes off the press; at Allen Press this is usually a 16- or 32-page form; one side of a press sheet is known as a form. 

prime—a symbol (′) used in writing to distinguish one character from a similar character; also used to indicate minutes and feet in measurements.

proofreader marks—a standardized and commonly accepted set of marks used by proofreaders to indicate corrections to the content and/or typography of a page or pages.

PUR—a hot melt adhesive manufactured with polyurethane reactive material; as the adhesive product dries, a natural chemical reaction occurs after the glue is exposed to moisture in the air, resulting in a superior bond within the fibers of the paper, giving the product a greater pull and flex strength.

-Q-

query—question on the manuscript or proof directed to the author or editor; typeset queries are denoted in the margins of the text (side note), and the text of the query is displayed on a separate page.

-R-

ragged right—material that does not need to have a justified right margin and usually does not have hyphenated line breaks.

rasterization—see RIP.

ream—500 sheets of paper in any size.

recto—the right-hand page of a book.

redactory—term referring to tasks or processes involved in editing or redacting a manuscript for publication; the redactory services at Allen Press are managing editing and copyediting.

reduced type—a section of text that is set in a smaller type size than the body of the text.

reference—an author’s mention of another person’s work; in-text references, called citations, occur when the author mentions someone else’s work in the body of an article; references at the end of the text are also called “Literature Cited” and provide complete information about the original location of the work.

register—when a printed sheet is “in-register,” it means that all the plates (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black, in the case of a four color process job) are lining up accurately on the printing press and producing a clearly defined color image; if a job is out of register (misregister), there will be a blurring at the edges of images that are made up of more than one color.

registration marks—cross-haired lines that help visually ensure that a set of printing plates are in register in order to produce a sharp registered result; printing presses have sensors that can automatically detect registration marks and ensure registration.

rekey—to manually type a file instead of using an electronic copy.

reprint—a reproduction of an article previously printed or posted online; options at Allen Press include print, ePDF, or CD/DVD; see author reprint, commercial reprint.

resolution—the resolution of a bitmap digital graphics image is a measure of its quality, or the amount of digital information it contains; resolution is measured by the number of pixels an image contains in height and width.

reverse italic—text that would normally be set in italic type but is set in roman when it appears in an italic head or sentence.

revisions—at Allen Press, making corrections based on the editor's marked proofs.

RGB (Red, Green, Blue)—the additive primary colors for digital devices, computer monitors, digital cameras, and scanners; colors viewed are device-dependent.

RGB workflow—one of two processes for print and online file conversion; if an image is submitted with an RGB profile, it retains this profile for online publishing and is converted to CMYK for print; see CMYK workflow.

right-reading—copy that reads correctly in the language in which it is written instead of reverse text, or an image with the correct original source orientation, instead of a flopped image; offset printing plates are right-reading.

RIP (raster image processor, rasterization)—conversion process during prepress in which text and images are read in a digital file and converted to dots to create a printing plate; rasterizing a graphic is to convert it from vector data to bitmap pixels.

roman—the "regular" or upright counterpart of an italic or oblique typeface, regardless of whether the type design is serif or sans serif.

rule—term used for a line or spanner; usually seen in tables.

run in—merging text from the line below with the line above.

run-over lines—all the lines after the first line in a paragraph, heading, or table cell; often the indentation is changed to distinguish it from the first line (hang indent or flush left).

running heads/feet—information such as the authors’ names, article title, article page, or volume/issue number that appears at the top (head) or bottom (foot) of a printed page.

running text—term used to refer to the body of the article.

-S-

saddle stitch/staple—a type of binding in which one or more signatures are stacked on top of an angled metal surface called a saddle and staples are driven through the centerfold of the stack of paper to bind the signatures together; when staples are created from a roll of wire instead of being premanufactured, the process is called stitching.

sans serif—a typeface without serifs, e.g., Helvetica or Modern; sans serif type is more legible in headings than in a long passage of text; see serif.

scanner—an electronic device used to convert non-digital artwork into digital files that are used in the making of halftones and color-separations of images.

screen angles—the angles at which the halftones of a separated color are placed in relation to one another and outputted to a plate; the most common set of angles is: black 45°, magenta 75°, yellow 90°, cyan 105°.

screen ruling—the number of lines per inch on a halftone screen.

script—a piece of programming code used to automate a process, such as adding information to a file or converting it from one format to another; similar to a macro, but capable of performing more complicated functions.

serif—the short cross-lines at the ends of the main strokes of many letters in some typefaces; serif typefaces are usually used for text because the serifs form a link between letters that leads the eye across a line of type.

SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language)—one of the coding languages used for marking text for a variety of publishing purposes, including typesetting and online publishing; HTML and XML are subsets of SGML, but XML has largely superseded SGML for use in scientific publishing.

shadow—the darkest part of a photograph or digital image represented in a halftone reproduction by the largest dots; see highlight, middletones.

sheetfed press—press using paper in individual sheets.

shoulder—the built-in space around the edges of a letter.

side note—see query.

signature—a printed sheet, typically front (up) and back, folded inline or offline so that the pages are in the proper sequence for binding; a printed book consists of one or more signatures.

sizing (figures)—determining what size the final printed figure will be and how the figure can best be reproduced.

sizing (paper)—a component added to paper pulp or coated onto the paper surface that contributes to paper smoothness and stiffness; common ingredients include rosin, starch, and clay.

slug—computer identification line of text located at the head or foot of the page (e.g., jrnl-156-03-06.3d).

small caps—capital letters in any font that are the height of a lowercase “x” in that font.

smyth sewn—a type of binding in which pages are physically sewn into the book using binder’s thread and further reinforced with fabric backing and adhesive to create a durable book that opens flat; also called section sewn.

spine—the back of a bound book connecting the two covers; also known as backbone.

spread—facing pages; made up of an even-numbered page on the left (verso) and an odd-numbered page on the right (recto).

stacking—when a superscript is placed directly above the subscript in mathematical or chemical equations as opposed to “unstacked” when the superscript and subscript are offset.

Standard Mail —a class of mail consisting of mailable matter that is not required to be mailed as First-Class Mail or is not mailed as Periodicals.

Standard Mail (A)—Standard Mail matter that weighs less than 16 ounces; comprises the subclasses of Regular Standard Mail, Nonprofit Standard Mail, Enhanced Carrier Route Standard Mail, and Nonprofit Enhanced Carrier Route Standard Mail; subclasses include circulars, printed matter, pamphlets, catalogs, newsletters, direct mail, and merchandise; may be sent at presorted rates and at automation rates.

Standard Mail (B)—Standard Mail matter that weighs 16 ounces or more but not more than 70 pounds; comprises the four subclasses of Bound Printed Matter, Library Mail, Parcel Post, and Special Standard Mail.

stem—the upright element of a letter or character.

stet—“let it stand as it is”; often indicated on copy by four dots under the material that has been altered.

straddle head—a head in a table above a rule that straddles two or more column heads.

stub—the first (leftmost) column of most table bodies to which all information in subsequent columns is directly related.

style sheet—a supplemental handout used especially by copyediting and proofreading that outlines elements of format and style that are specific to a particular journal.

subheads—headings or titles that are subordinate to larger divisions of an article or headings of a table.

subscript—a character printed below the baseline of the text that is smaller than the normal text type (e.g., A2); also known as inferior.

superior—see superscript.

superscript—a character printed slightly above the height of a lowercase “x,” used most often to indicate a footnote or as a mathematical notation (e.g., R2); also known as superior.

supplement—a piece mailed with a periodical publication that is secondary to the host piece and qualifies for the Periodical rates; cannot have its own price, ISSN, ISBN, and USPS number, and cannot contain the word “catalog.”

supplementary data—files that enhance or offer additional information to an issue or article; data can be either a single file or an entire issue that is linked to an article.

SWOP (Specifications Web Offset Publications)—industry standard for CMYK color profile.

synonymy—list of different scientific names that have been used in various publications to refer to the same taxonomic group.

-T-

tail-in—an article that begins on the same page on which the preceding article ended.

taxonomy—hierarchal classification typically dealing with scientific relationships.

TCF (totally chlorine free)—paper that is 100% virgin fiber paper manufactured with no chlorine or chlorine derivatives used in the bleaching process.

tear sheet—for advertising, it is the single page cut from the journal showing the ad.

template—an electronic file with a predesigned, customized format and structure that is set for each journal’s style specifications.

text bed—the area taken up by text on a page; the type is usually not allowed to flow outside of the text bed.

thin space—a space that is usually half of an en space/a quarter of an em space; larger than a hair space.

TIFF (Tagged-Image File Format)—a flexible bitmap image format supported by virtually all paint, image-editing, and page-layout applications; file extension is .tif.

tip-in insert—an offline automated placement of an insert adhered to a text page with a releasable glue for the purpose of removal from the publication.

tip-on insert—an offline automated placement of an insert adhered to the first or last cover page of the publication with a releasable glue for the purpose of the removal from the publication.

TOC—table of contents.

top margin—distance from the top of a trimmed page to the top of the running head or first image on the page.

transmittal form—material often included with manuscripts that has specific information and instructions for each article.

trapping—a process that compensates for minor misalignments on the press by printing small areas of overlapping color where objects meet; if one color plate shifts slightly, there is no white space between colors.

trim—amount of paper left on three sides of a signature to be trimmed off at the end of the binding process; also, the actual size of the journal, such as 6 x 9, 6 7/8 x 10, 8 1/2 x 11.

type page size—area of the page below the running head and inside the center, outside, and bottom margins.

typeface—a set of one or more fonts, in one or more sizes, designed with stylistic unity, each comprising a coordinated set of glyphs; a typeface usually comprises an alphabet of letters, numerals, and punctuation marks.

typesetting—see composition.

typo—jargon for “typographical error.”

typography—the art or practice of arranging type on a page by using combinations of fonts, layouts, characters, and glyphs; with changes in technology, typography now includes computer display and output (desktop publishing); traditionally, typography was the use of metal types with raised letterforms that were inked and then pressed onto paper.

-U-

uppercase—the capitalized letters of any font or typeface.

USPS—abbreviation for United States Postal Service.

UV coating—coating cured in UV radiation and dried to a high brilliance.

-V-

validation—the process of editing an SGML or XML document so that it is well formed and can be successfully parsed by a loading program.

varnish—a thin protective coating applied to a printed sheet (often used on covers) for protection and appearance (makes halftones more vivid).

verso—the left-hand page of a book.

volume line—the line containing the name of the journal, its volume/issue number, and sometimes the day and month of publication.

-W-

web gain—condition in which pages that have been printed on a web press and run through a dryer to heat-set the ink absorb moisture during the bundling process and expand, causing the text pages to be larger than the cover pages.

web-only—an article or supplement that is published only online and does not appear in the printed journal.

web press—press using paper on large continuous rolls.

widow—The last line of a paragraph of type appearing alone as the first line of a new column.

word spacing—see kerning.

WYSIWYG—acronym for What You See Is What You Get; relating to or being a word processing system that prints the text exactly as it appears on the computer screen.

-X-

XML (Extensible Markup Language)—a coding language for marking the text of documents containing structured information; structured information contains both content (text, images) and some indication of what role that content plays; XML specification defines a standard way to add markup to documents.

-Y-

yellow—one of the four process colors (CMYK); yellow is represented as Y; reflects red and green light, and absorbs blue light.

-Z-

zip file—a file that has been compressed, or reduced in size, to save storage space and allow faster transferring across a network over the Internet.